clubbing( continued)

Clubbing is associated with:
• Lung disease:
o Lung cancer,
o Interstitial lung disease
o Tuberculosis
o Suppurative lung disease: lung abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
o Mesothelioma
• Heart disease:
o Congenital cyanotic heart disease (most common cardiac cause),eisenmengers synd
o Subacute bacterial endocarditis
o Atrial myxoma (benign tumor)
• Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary:
o Malabsorption
o Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
o Cirrhosis, especially in primary biliary cirrhosis[5]
o Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis[6]
• Others:
o Hyperthyroidism (thyroid acropachy)[7]
o Familial and racial clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)
o Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an axillary artery aneurysm (in unilateral clubbing